Bill Savings, Carbon Cuts: Up to €1,353 per year and 612 kg CO₂.
1. Power Generation:
A 4 kW PV system generates approximately 16 kWh/day based on typical mid-latitude European averages.
Annual PV generation: 16 × 365 = 5,840 kWh/year.
Battery usable capacity (90% DoD): 15.36 × 0.9 = 13.824 kWh; annual usable cycles: 13.824 × 365 = 5,044 kWh/year.
2. Calculation Assumptions:
Baseline PV self-consumption: 35%; With battery: 80% → Improvement: +45%.
Electricity price for PV self-use: €0.40/kWh;
TOU prices: Peak €0.60/kWh, Off-peak €0.20/kWh;
Round-trip efficiency: 88%.
3. CO₂ Reduction:
CO₂ factor for grid electricity: 0.233 kg/kWh.
Additional self-consumed PV energy: 16 × 0.45 × 365 = 2,628 kWh/year.
4. Disclaimer:
All data is based on typical operating assumptions; actual performance may vary depending on installation and usage.
Calculation Details:
Annual PV Self-Consumption Savings
= 16 kWh/day × 45% × €0.40 × 365
≈ €1,051/year
Annual TOU Arbitrage Savings
Discharge energy: 13.824 × 0.88 = 12.165 kWh/day
Daily gain = (12.165 × €0.60) − (13.824 × €0.20)
= €4.534/day × 365
≈ €1,655/year
Hybrid Mode (Realistic Estimated Saving)
= (PV self-use + TOU arbitrage) ÷ 2
= (1,051 + 1,655) ÷ 2
≈ €1,353/year
Estimated CO₂ Emission Reduction
= 2,628 kWh × 0.233 kg/kWh
≈ 612 kg CO₂/year
